Candida palmioleophila candidemia and bacterial co-infection in a 3-month-old infant with biliary atresia.

Candidemia caused by rare and uncommon Candida species is becoming more prevalent in pediatric healthcare settings, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. One such species, Candida palmioleophila, is resistant to fluconazole but highly susceptible to echinocandins. Here, we report the first documented case of C. palmioleophila candidemia in Iran that occurred in a male infant with biliary atresia who had been hospitalized for 2 months. The patient's blood and urine cultures were positive for both yeast and bacterial species. Through DNA sequence analysis, the yeast isolate was identified as C. palmioleophila. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of the isolate against amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, isavuconazole, posaconazole, and nystatin revealed MIC values of 2, 16, 0.25, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 4 µg/mL, respectively, and minimum effective concentration for caspofungin was 0.031 µg/mL. Despite receiving antibacterial and antifungal therapies, the patient unfortunately expired due to bradycardia and hypoxemia. Proper identification and epidemiological surveillance studies are needed to understand the exact prevalence of these emerging yeast pathogens. Previously reported cases of C. palmioleophila infection, primarily associated with bloodstream infections and catheter-related candidemia, were reviewed.

Prednisolone administration monitored by postoperative stool color achieves high jaundice clearance after laparoscopic portoenterostomy for biliary atresia.

PURPOSE: Stool color (SC) for monitoring prednisolone use in biliary atresia (BA) patients after laparoscopic portoenterostomy (LPE) was reviewed. METHODS: Subjects were 47 post-LPE BA patients given a reducing dose course of intravenous prednisolone. The course started at 4 mg/kg/day and gradually reduced, ultimately reaching a final total dose (TD) of 31.5 mg/kg. Normal SC indicated a course could progress until finished and was repeated until jaundice clearance (JC) was achieved. Abnormal SC persisting for two consecutive courses was the absolute indication for redo or liver transplantation (LTx). RESULTS: JC was achieved in 38/47 (80.9%) LPE cases and 4/6 redos to give an overall JC rate (JCR) of 42/47 (89.4%). Outcomes after one course (n = 5; JCR: 80.0%; median TD: 30.0 mg/kg, interquartile range [IQR: 26.0-31.5]), two courses (n = 10; JCR: 90.0%; median TD: 62.5 mg/kg [IQR: 60.8-66.0]), three courses (n = 13; JCR: 92.3%; median TD: 90.0 mg/kg [IQR: 86.0-90.0]), four courses (n = 10; JCR: 80.0%; median TD: 120.0 mg/kg [IQR: 116.7-123.3]), five courses (n = 7; JCR: 100%; median TD: 156.0 mg/kg [IQR: 154.3-157.5]), six courses (n = 1; JCR: 100%; TD: 189.0 mg/kg), ten courses (n = 1; JCR: 100%; TD: 308 mg/kg). CONCLUSION: Indications for repeat prednisolone and timing of redo/LTx based on SC monitoring appeared effective based on high JCR and successful redo/LTx. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE: III.

Incidence and antiviral treatment of cytomegalovirus infection in infants with biliary atresia.

PURPOSE: Patients with biliary atresia (BA) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection may have poorer outcomes after Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE) than uninfected patients, suggesting a rationale for antiviral treatment (AVT). We aimed to describe the incidence of CMV infection and of AVT in BA patients, and to detect any differences between infected and uninfected patients to conclude if AVT is of use. METHODS: Data on BA patients who underwent KPE 2004-2020 were retrospectively collected, and the outcome was analyzed with regard to CMV status. RESULTS: Fifteen out of forty-six (33%) BA patients had signs of ongoing CMV infection. They did not differ significantly from the CMV-negative patients regarding rate of prematurity, birth weight, or biochemical markers but were slightly older at KPE. All patients received steroids postoperatively and all patients with ongoing CMV infection received AVT with very good effect on viremia and without major side effects. The AVT consisted of oral valganciclovir (10-40 (- 58) mg/kg/d) or intravenous ganciclovir (5.3-11 mg/kg/d). CONCLUSION: Ongoing CMV infection is common in this group of patients. The viremia can effectively be treated with AVT without any major side effects. Larger, randomized studies are needed to clarify the possible effect on clinical outcome.

Effect of Adjuvant Steroid Therapy in Type 3 Biliary Atresia: A Single-Center, Open-Label, Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and side effects of additional postoperative steroid therapy for type 3 BA versus the current routine care. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Whether steroid therapy post-Kasai portoen-terostomy improves the outcomes of BA remains controversial. Clinical evidence from 2 randomized trials in the UK and USA do not support the routine use of steroid in the treatment of BA. METHODS: In this open-label randomized controlled trial, patients with type 3 BA were randomized to routine postoperative treatment with or without 10 to 12 weeks of adjuvant steroid treatment. The primary outcome was the postoperative jaundice clearance rate with native liver at 6 months. The secondary outcomes included postoperative jaundice clearance rate at 3, 12, and 24 months, survival with native liver at 12 and 24 months, and SAEs within 3 months. RESULTS: Overall, 200 participants were randomized and allocated into either steroid or control group (n = 100/group). The proportion of participants that are jaundice free without liver transplantation was significantly higher in the steroid group than in the control group at 6 months (54.1% vs 31.0%, P = 0.0015). The native liver survival rate was higher postoperatively in the steroid group than in the control group at 12 (66.3% vs 50.0%, P = 0.02) and 24 (57.1% vs 40.0%, P = 0.02) months. The survival time with native liver was significantly longer in the steroid group than in the control group (median survival, steroid vs control: not reached vs 1.21 years, P = 0.02). There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in the mean occurrence of SAEs within 3 months (steroid vs control: 0.63 vs 0.45, P = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative adjuvant steroid intervention improved bile drainage and survival with native liver in type 3 BA patients, without increasing early-stage SAEs.

Odevixibat: an investigational inhibitor of the ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) for the treatment of biliary atresia.

INTRODUCTION: Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare, non-curable cholestasis-causing disease in infancy, due to progressive ascending bile duct sclerosis. Even after restoration of bile flow following Kasai portoenterostomy, about half of these children need a liver transplant by their 2nd birthday, due to progressive fibrosis. Toxicity of bile acids may play a central role in disease progression, but drug therapies are not yet available. With ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitors, there is a potential novel drug option that inhibits the absorption of bile acids in the small intestine. As a result of reduced bile acid accumulation in the cholestatic liver, it may be possible to delay hepatic remodeling. AREAS COVERED: This review summarizes the dataset on bile acids and the potential effects of odevixibat, an IBAT inhibitor, in children with BA. EXPERT OPINION: Systemic reduction of bile acids with the aim of preventing inflammation, and thus liver remodeling, is a novel, promising, therapeutic concept. In principle, however, the time until diagnosis and surgical treatment of BA should still be kept as short as possible in order to minimize liver remodeling before medical intervention can be initiated. IBAT inhibitors may add to the medical options in limiting disease progression in BA.

Study protocol of Phase 2 open-label multicenter randomized controlled trial for granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (GCSF) in post-Kasai Type 3 biliary atresia.

Animal studies support RCT findings of improved liver function and short-term benefits using repurposed Granulocyte Colonic Stimulating Factor GCSF in adults with decompensated cirrhosis. We describe the protocol for phase 2 RCT of sequential Kasai-GCSF under an FDA-approved IND to test that GCSF improves early bile flow and post-Kasai biliary atresia BA clinical outcome. Immediate post-Kasai neonates, age 15-180 days, with biopsy-confirmed type 3 BA, without access to early liver transplantation, will be randomized 1:1 to standard of care SOC + GCSF at 10 ug/kg in 3 daily doses within 4 days of Kasai vs SOC + NO-GCSF (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT0437391). They will be recruited from children's hospitals in Vietnam, Pakistan and one US center. The primary objective is to demonstrate that GCSF decreases the proportion of subjects with a 3-month post-Kasai serum Total Bilirubin ≥ 34 umol/L by 20%, (for a = 0.05, b = 0.80, i.e., calculated sample size of 218 subjects). The secondary objectives are to demonstrate that the frequency of post-Kasai cholangitis at 6-month and 24-month transplant-free survival are improved. The benefits are that GCSF is an affordable BA adjunct therapy, especially in developing countries, to improve biliary complications, enhance quality of liver and survival while diminishing costly liver transplantation.Clinical trial registration: A phase 1 for GCSF dose and safety determination under ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03395028 was completed in 2019. The current Phase 2 trial was registered under NCT04373941.

Maralixibat: First Approval.

Maralixibat (Livmarli™) is an orally-administered, small-molecule ileal bile acid transporter (IBAT) inhibitor being developed by Mirum Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of rare cholestatic liver diseases including Alagille syndrome (ALGS), progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) and biliary atresia. Maralixibat received its first approval on 29 September 2021, in the USA, for use in the treatment of cholestatic pruritus in patients with ALGS 1 year of age and older. Maralixibat is also under regulatory review for ALGS in Europe, and clinical development for cholestatic liver disorders including ALGS in patients under 1 year of age, PFIC and biliary atresia is continuing in several other countries. This article summarises the milestones in the development of maralixibat leading to this first approval for ALGS.

Postoperative pharmacotherapy for patients with biliary atresia in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Members of the Japanese Biliary Atresia Society were surveyed using questionnaires that assess their current practice regarding postoperative pharmacotherapy for outpatients with biliary atresia (BA). METHODS: In September 2018, questionnaires were sent to 100 member institutions of the Japanese Biliary Atresia Society. Questionnaires included the number of BA outpatients per institution and pharmacotherapy for outpatients with native liver. Pharmacotherapies were categorized into antibiotics, cholagogues, hepatoprotective agents, branched-chain amino acid supplement, Japanese Kampo medicine, probiotics, laxative, glycerin enema, and "others." In each category, the questionnaires asked about the medicine's details and the time of withdrawal of administration. RESULTS: Responses were collected from 58 of the 100 institutions. Fifty-four institutions (94.7%) had prescribed one or more medicines as postoperative pharmacotherapy, and three institutions (5.3%) did not prescribe any medicines. Fifty-three institutions (93.0%) had prescribed ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and 32 (60.4%) of these continued prescribing UDCA as long as the condition of patients remained unchanged. Twenty-nine (50.9%) had prescribed Japanese Kampo medicines ("Inchinkoto" in all cases). Twenty-four (42.1%) had prescribed antibiotics, mainly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, in 21 (87.5%). Twenty-three (40.4%) had prescribed probiotics. CONCLUSIONS: There were many variations of pharmacotherapy in BA outpatients with native liver in Japan, including antibiotic, probiotic, and Inchinkoto prescriptions. Of the various drugs, the most commonly administered was UDCA.

The effect of acetate Ringer's solution versus lactate Ringer's solution on acid base physiology in infants with biliary atresia.

BACKGROUND: The choice of the perioperative crystalloid is a key component of the fluid management and must take into account the liver function and the appearing metabolic disorders to avoid increase the liver extra metabolism. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of acetate Ringer's solution or lactate Ringer's solution in biliary atresia patients. METHODS: We included 68 infant patients aged between 21 ~ 65 d, ASA physical status II or III, who underwent elective Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy, received either AR and LR for intravenous fluid resuscitation according to their group allocation. Lactate concentration, serum electrolytes and pH were noteded before skin incision (T1), end of surgery (T2) and postoperative 12 h. We also recorded the time of operation, stay of hospital, loss of blood and urinary, total volume of infusion of crystalloid. RESULTS: Lactate level was significantly higher in Group LR than in Group AR patients at T2 (0.76 ± 0.13 versus 0.57 ± 0.22, P = 0.03). Compared with T3, sodium and chlorine were significantly higher in two groups at T2 (145.2 ± 3.1 versus 143.4 ± 3.4 and 104.6 ± 3.7 versus 105.2 ± 2.1). No significant differences were noted in potassium, HCO3- and calcium. There was no statistically significant difference in pH. No glycopenia was recorded in two groups. No significant difference was noted in administration of vasoactive drug (0.7% versus 1%). CONCLUSIONS: Resuscitation with AR and LR was associated with similar clinical improvement in infants with biliary atresia. Use of AR reduced the level of lactate comparison with LR.

Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor GCSF mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells in Kasai patients with biliary atresia in a phase 1 study and improves short term outcome.

AIMS: In RCT of adults with decompensated cirrhosis, GCSF mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells HSC and improves short-term outcome. An FDA-IND for sequential Kasai-GCSF treatment in biliary atresia BA was approved. This phase 1 study examines GCSF safety in Kasai subjects. Preliminary short-term outcome was evaluated. METHODS: GCSF (Neupogen) at 5 or 10 µg/kg (n = 3/group) was given in 3 daily doses starting on day 3 of Kasai surgery (NCT03395028). Serum CD34+ HSC cell counts, and 1-month of GCSF-related adverse events were monitored. The 6-months Phase 1 clinical outcome was compared against 10 subsequent post Phase 1 Kasai patients who did not receive GCSF. RESULTS: With GCSF, WBC and platelet count transiently increased, LFT and serum creatinine remained stable. Reversible splenic enlargement (by 8.5-20%) occurred in 5/6 subjects. HSC count increased 12-fold and 17.5-fold for the 5 µg/kg and10 ug/kg dose respectively; with respective median total bilirubin levels for GCSF vs no-GCSF groups of 55 vs 91 µM at 1 month, p = 0.05; 15 vs 37 µM at 3 months, p = 0.24); and the 6-months cholangitis frequency of 40% vs 90%, p = 0.077. CONCLUSIONS: GCSF safely mobilizes HSC in Kasai infants and may improve short-term biliary drainage and cholangitis. Phase 2 efficacy outcome of GCSF adjunct therapy for sequential Kasai and GCSF is pending.

Preventive effect of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics against cholangitis in biliary atresia: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal liver disease and requires Kasai portoenterostomy. Many patients develop postoperative cholangitis, resulting in a poor prognosis. The preventive strategy of antibiotics is empirical and lacks a standard regimen. We aimed to analyze the effect of different durations of prophylactic intravenous antibiotics against post-Kasai cholangitis. STUDY DESIGN: A single-center, open-labeled, randomized clinical trial was performed from June 2016 to August 2017. One hundred and eighty BA patients were recruited and randomized into a short-term (n = 90) and a long-term (n = 90) treatment group, and prophylactic intravenous antibiotics were used for 7 versus 14 days, respectively. The primary outcome was the overall cholangitis incidence within 6-months post-Kasai portoenterostomy. The secondary outcomes included cholangitis incidence within 1 and 3 months post-Kasai portoenterostomy, the onset and average episodes of cholangitis, jaundice clearance rate, native liver survival rate, and adverse events within 6-months post-Kasai portoenterostomy. RESULTS: The cholangitis incidence within 6-months post-Kasai in the short-term group was similar to the long-term group (62% vs. 70%, p = 0.27) with intention-to-treat and pre-protocol analysis. There was no significant difference in jaundice clearance rate or native liver survival rate between the two groups. However, the percentage of early onset (61% vs. 38%, p = 0.02) and average episodes (2.4 ± 0.2 vs. 1.8 ± 0.1 episodes, p = 0.01) of cholangitis were lower in the long-term group. CONCLUSION: Long-term intravenous antibiotics can be replaced by the short-term regimen in the general protection against post-Kasai cholangitis.

Liver Immune Profiling Reveals Pathogenesis and Therapeutics for Biliary Atresia.

Biliary atresia (BA) is a severe cholangiopathy that leads to liver failure in infants, but its pathogenesis remains to be fully characterized. By single-cell RNA profiling, we observed macrophage hypo-inflammation, Kupffer cell scavenger function defects, cytotoxic T cell expansion, and deficiency of CX3CR1+effector T and natural killer (NK) cells in infants with BA. More importantly, we discovered that hepatic B cell lymphopoiesis did not cease after birth and that tolerance defects contributed to immunoglobulin G (IgG)-autoantibody accumulation in BA. In a rhesus-rotavirus induced BA model, depleting B cells or blocking antigen presentation ameliorated liver damage. In a pilot clinical study, we demonstrated that rituximab was effective in depleting hepatic B cells and restoring the functions of macrophages, Kupffer cells, and T cells to levels comparable to those of control subjects. In summary, our comprehensive immune profiling in infants with BA had educed that B-cell-modifying therapies may alleviate liver pathology.

Biliary atresia: Potential for a new decade.

Biliary atresia is characterised as an obliterative cholangiopathy of both extra-and intra-hepatic bile ducts. There is marked aetiological heterogeneity with a number of different variants, some syndromic and others perhaps virally-mediated. Current research aims to try and define possible mechanisms and pathogenesis though an actual breakthrough remains elusive. There has been little in the way of surgical advances beyond subtle variations in the Kasai portoenterostomy and laparoscopic equivalents have no declared advantage and have yet to prove equivalence in measures of outcome. The next target has been to maximise potential with better adjuvant therapy, though the evidence base for most currently available therapies such as steroids and ursodeoxycholic acid remains limited. Still high-dose steroid use is widespread, certainly in Europe and the Far East. Clearance of jaundice can be achieved in 50-60% of those subjected to portoenterostomy at <70 days and should be an achievable benchmark. Transplantation is a widely available "rescue" therapy though whether it should be an alternative as a primary procedure is arguable but becoming increasingly heard. The aim of clinical practice remains to get these infants for surgery as early as is possible though this can be difficult to accomplish in practice, and "low-cost" screening projects using stool colour charts have been limited outside of Taiwan and Japan. Centralisation of resources (medical and surgical) is associated with a diminution of time to portoenterostomy but application has been limited by entrenched health delivery models or geographical constraints.

Impaired Redox and Protein Homeostasis as Risk Factors and Therapeutic Targets in Toxin-Induced Biliary Atresia.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Extrahepatic biliary atresia (BA) is a pediatric liver disease with no approved medical therapy. Recent studies using human samples and experimental modeling suggest that glutathione redox metabolism and heterogeneity play a role in disease pathogenesis. We sought to dissect the mechanistic basis of liver redox variation and explore how other stress responses affect cholangiocyte injury in BA. METHODS: We performed quantitative in situ hepatic glutathione redox mapping in zebrafish larvae carrying targeted mutations in glutathione metabolism genes and correlated these findings with sensitivity to the plant-derived BA-linked toxin biliatresone. We also determined whether genetic disruption of HSP90 protein quality control pathway genes implicated in human BA altered biliatresone toxicity in zebrafish and human cholangiocytes. An in vivo screening of a known drug library was performed to identify novel modifiers of cholangiocyte injury in the zebrafish experimental BA model, with subsequent validation. RESULTS: Glutathione metabolism gene mutations caused regionally distinct changes in the redox potential of cholangiocytes that differentially sensitized them to biliatresone. Disruption of human BA-implicated HSP90 pathway genes sensitized zebrafish and human cholangiocytes to biliatresone-induced injury independent of glutathione. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors and other cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling activators worked synergistically with the glutathione precursor N-acetylcysteine in preventing biliatresone-induced injury in zebrafish and human cholangiocytes. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors enhanced proteasomal degradation and required intact HSP90 chaperone. CONCLUSION: Regional variation in glutathione metabolism underlies sensitivity to the biliary toxin biliatresone and may account for the reported association between BA transplant-free survival and glutathione metabolism gene expression. Human BA can be causatively linked to genetic modulation of protein quality control. Combined treatment with N-acetylcysteine and cyclic guanosine monophosphate signaling enhancers warrants further investigation as therapy for BA.

Investigation into multi-centre diagnosis and treatment strategies of biliary atresia in mainland China.

BACKGROUND: Biliary atresia (BA) is an obstructive hepatobiliary disease which manifests during infancy. Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE) is the preferred operation for BA, supplemented with glucocorticoids, antibiotics, and choleretic agents. A great deal of research has been carried out regarding diagnosis, operation, and adjuvant therapies of BA, but no consensus had been reached. To understand the variation in diagnosis and treatment strategies of BA across mainland China and to help achieve a unified treatment strategy in the future, this investigation was carried out. METHODS: This investigation was conducted via electronic questionnaire. The centres were divided into three groups based on their annual caseload: low (0-20)-, mid (21-40)-, and high (≥ 41)-volume group. Differences in the clinical practice among three groups were analyzed by Chi-square test and considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. RESULTS: 41 Centres from 26 different administrative regions were involved. The average age at KPE was mainly 51-60 days (39%, 16/41) and 61-70 days (32%, 13/41). The annual caseload was 0-20 patients in 17 centres, 21-40 patients in 11 centres, and > 40 patients in 13 centres. Preoperative ultrasound and intraoperative cholangiography were performed in all centres. Low-volume centres had a high proportion of MRI (P = 0.005), while the high-volume group had a high proportion of LSM (P = 0.015). Open KPE without liver mobilisation is the most common surgical procedure (71%, 29/41). Open KPE without liver mobilisation was more commonly used in low-volume group (P = 0.044), and laparoscopic KPE was mainly used in high-volume group (P = 0.011). The spur anti-reflux intestinal valve was performed in more than half of the centres (51%, 21/41). The length of the Roux-en-Y loop was ≥ 30 cm in the majority of centres (78%, 32/41). Glucocorticoids and antibiotics were used in most centres (90%, 37/41; 100%, 41/41) with marked variations in type, administration, dose, and duration. Oral ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was used in 38 centres, in varying doses of 10-20 mg/kg/day. The duration of oral UDCA was over a year in 19 centres. CONCLUSION: Mainland China has a large number of patients with biliary atresia. Diagnostic and surgical methods vary from centre to centre and are related to its caseload. In most centres, KPE is supplemented with glucocorticoids, antibiotics, and choleretic agents without a standard regimen.

Synthetic retinoid AM80 inhibits IL-17 production of gamma delta T cells and ameliorates biliary atresia in mice.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Recent evidence suggests that Interleukin (IL)-17-producing gamma delta ( γδ ) T cells are the dominant pathogenic cellular component in designated autoimmune or inflammatory diseases, including biliary atresia (BA). We have previously demonstrated that retinoids effectively suppress T-helper cell (Th) 17 differentiation. METHODS: Here, we established an in vitro system, enabling investigations of the effect of AM80 on the IL-17 production of γδ T cells. Additionally, we tested the therapeutic effect of AM80 in the Rotavirus-induced mouse model of BA. Co-incubation of γδ T cells with IL-23 and anti-CD28 mAb proved most effective in inducing an IL-17 response in vitro. The effect of AM80 on human CCR6+CD26+ V δ 2 cells was assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: AM80 efficiently reduced IL-17 production by murine γδ T cells and the expression of the master transcription factor Retinoid-Orphan-Receptor- γ t (ROR γτ ) in a dose-dependent manner. The fraction of human CCR6+CD26+ V δ 2 cells was significantly reduced by co-incubation with AM80. Moreover, AM80 also inhibited IL-17 production by liver-infiltrating γδ T cells isolated from animals suffering from BA. Intraperitoneal treatment with AM80 ameliorated BA-associated inflammation. However, AM80 treatment was not sufficient to control disease progression in the murine model, despite reduced inflammatory activity in the animals. CONCLUSIONS: Retinoids are very efficient in down-regulating IL-17 production by γδ T cells in vitro and, to a lesser extent, in the BA mouse model. However, retinoids do not suffice for the control of disease progression. Thus, our data suggest that IL-17 is not the only factor contributing to the pathogenesis of BA. LAY SUMMARY: Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare disease which affects infants, causing progressive liver failure in most children, and is the most common indication for paediatric liver transplantation. We have previously demonstrated that IL-17, produced by γδ T cells, contributes to hepatic inflammation in the murine model of BA and is increased in the livers of infants suffering from the disease. In the study at hand, we demonstrate that treatment with AM80, a synthetic retinoid with superior pharmacological properties, effectively inhibits the IL-17 production of gamma delta T cells without generating systemic immunosuppression. Although all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has been demonstrated to suppress differentiation of IL-17-producing conventional T-helper cells (Th17) in vitro, the therapeutic application of ATRA in vivo is limited by the compound's potential side effects caused by its instability and lack of receptor specificity. Our study is the first to show that AM80 suppresses the IL-17 production of γδ T cells in a very efficient manner and that hepatic inflammation is ameliorated in mice suffering from BA. However, AM80 treatment does not suffice to block the disease progression. We conclude that factors other than IL-17 drive the progressive inflammation in BA. The addition of retinoids to the treatment regime of children suffering from BA might decrease the disease burden; however, further research is needed to clarify the pathomechanism and possible therapeutic interventions in humans.

The Potential Benefits of Research May Justify Certain Research Risks.

US regulations allow institutional review boards to approve pediatric clinical trials only when the risks are minimal or (in some cases) a minor increase over minimal, or when the risks are justified by a potential for direct benefit to the participants. But how should an institutional review board determine if the risks of pediatric clinical trials are justified by a potential for participant benefit? In this Ethics Rounds article, we consider which potential benefits can justify which research risks with a focus on randomized clinical trials.

Growth of children with biliary atresia living with native livers: impact of corticoid therapy after portoenterostomy.

We addressed growth of biliary atresia (BA) patients living with native livers between ages 0-6 and effects of post-surgical corticosteroid treatment on growth. Growth charts of 28 BA patients born in Finland between 1987 and 2017 were retrospectively evaluated. Dosage and length of corticosteroid treatment and hydrocortisone substitution were reviewed. At birth, BA patients were shorter (median height - 0.6 (interquartile range (IQR) - 1.3 to - 0.1) SDS, n = 28, P < 0.001) than general population. Height remained stable during early childhood (median height - 0.6 (IQR - 1.4 to 0.1) SDS for girls and - 0.4 (IQR - 1.6 to 0.2) SDS for boys at 6 years of age). Patients were of normal height adjusted weight at 6 years with a median age and sex-adjusted body mass index (ISO-BMI) of 20.9 (IQR 19.3 to 25.0) for girls and 22.1 (IQR 20.7 to 25.6) for boys. Higher (≥ 50 mg/kg) cumulative post-portoenterostomy prednisolone dosage resulted in 0.18 SDS lower height per treatment week (ß - 0.18, SE 0.04, P < 0.001) compared to lower dosage (< 50 mg/kg).Conclusion: BA patients grow normally during early childhood. As high postoperative corticosteroid dosage has a short-term negative effect on height, very high dosages should be avoided. What Is Known: • Growth of biliary atresia patients has mostly been shown to be within normal limits • Corticosteroids may decrease growth rate What Is New: • Biliary atresia patients surviving with their native livers are shorter than general population and their mid-parental target height at birth • A high (> 50 mg/kg) cumulative prednisolone dosage has a negative transitory impact on height gain after portoenterostomy.

The Role of Neonatal Gr-1+ Myeloid Cells in a Murine Model of Rhesus-Rotavirus-Induced Biliary Atresia.

Activation of innate immunity together with cholangiocyte damage occurs in biliary atresia (BA). However, detailed information on the inflammatory cells involved is lacking. This study investigates both the pathophysiology of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells in a mouse model of BA and their presence in BA patients. CD11b+Gr-1+ cells were targeted by an anti-Ly6G antibody in murine BA induced by inoculation with rhesus rotavirus. Expression of the Ly6G homolog CD177+ was examined in biopsies from BA patients. The symptoms of BA were ameliorated, and survival was prolonged in those mice receiving 5 to 10 µg of antibody per mouse every 3 days for four times compared with the mice treated with virus alone. However, the mice later developed chronic BA with persistent low body weight and jaundice. Hepatic inflammatory cells were reduced compared with acute BA. Blockade of extrahepatic bile ducts occurred, whereas intrahepatic ductules were partially preserved, and a progressive increase in liver fibrosis was observed. High levels of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells were present in these mice. The administration of an anti-Ly6G antibody again in those chronic BA mice reduced jaundice and restored body weight. In BA patients CD177+ cells were highly expressed in the liver. Our data suggest that the chronic mouse BA model shares key characteristics with clinical BA and indicates the importance of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells in the initiation and progression of BA.